1、GrammarNoun Clauses 表语从句如句 4,6；同位语从句如句 2。 2名词性从句用陈述语序。 (二) 1.it is hoped that George will pass on his genes to a new generation. 2George was taken to the Charles Darwin Research Centre on Santa Cruz island and provided with a harem from related sub- species，but was said to have been uninterested. 3句
2、型“Itbe过去分词that 从句”是非人称转述结构。that 引导的实际上是一个主语 从句，it 为形式主语。这个句型是用来转述人们的一般认识或说的话，如句 1。 4 “Itbe过去分词that 从句”可与“Sb./Sth.be过去分词to do”进行同义句转换。 如句 2。 一、名词性从句 名词性从句包括主语从句、 宾语从句、 表语从句和同位语从句。 名词性从句是由 if， whether， that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功能同名词一样。在句中引导名词性从句的 连接词可分为三类： 从属连词：that，whether，if； 连接代词：what，whatever，who，w
3、hoever，whom，whose，which，whichever； 连接副词：when，where，how，why，whenever，wherever，however。 1主语从句 在复合句中起主语作用的从句叫主语从句。 (1)that 引导主语从句时， 在句中不充当任何成分， 无词义， 只起连接作用， 不能省略； whether 在从句中也不充当任何成分，但表示疑问含义；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑 问含义，起连接作用，又在句中充当句子成分。 That there is adequate water in the cities is important for the indus
4、try. 城市有充足的水对工业来说很重要。 Whether the film Shadow would be popular was unknown to him. 电影影是否会受欢迎，他并不知道。 What one thinks and feels is mainly due to tradition，habit and education.(WhatThe thing which/that) 一个人的思想和感情主要归因于传统、习惯和教育。 Where you went yesterday has nothing to do with me. 你昨天去了哪儿与我无关。 Whoever bre
5、aks the law deserves a fine. 违法者应予以罚款。 (2)that 从句作主语时，常用 it 作形式主语，把真正的主语从句放在句末。 Its no surprise that he should have won the prize. 他本来就应该赢得奖品，这并不惊奇。 2宾语从句 在复合句中起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。 (1)连接代词 what，who，whom，which 等在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等。 Do you know who directed the TV play Like a Flowing River? 你知道谁导演了电视剧大江大河吗？
6、(2)连接副词 when，where，how，why 等引导宾语从句。 The stranger asked where he could buy this medicine. 这个陌生人问在哪里可以买到这种药。 (3)that， if， whether 引导宾语从句。 that 没有实际意义， 可以省略； if 和 whether 表示“是否”， 不能省略。 He asked me whether she was coming. 他问我她来还是不来。 (4)it 作形式宾语，而将宾语从句置于后面，这类动词有 find，feel，consider，make，believe， hate，take
7、，owe，have 等。 I have made it a rule that I run for 2 kilometers every morning. 我已经养成习惯，每天早晨跑 2 公里。 (5)介词后接宾语从句。 The new book is about how tomatoes are planted. 这本新书是关于怎样种植西红柿的。 (6)在某些形容词后也可接宾语从句。 这类形容词有 sure， glad， pleased， happy， afraid， surprised 等。 I was surprised that my friend hadnt passed the e
8、xam.我很惊讶我的朋友没有通过考试。 (7)表示“命令、建议、意志、要求(如：command，order，suggest，advise，insist，desire， demand， require， request)”等的动词， 后面跟宾语从句时， 从句谓语必须用 should do， should 可省略。 The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.司令命令部队即刻出发。 3表语从句 在复合句中起表语作用的从句叫表语从句。表语从句通常位于连系动词的后面。 (1)that 引导表语从句，表示一件事情，that 只起到
9、连接作用，不作任何成分，但是不能省略。 The problem is that I have lost my key to my house. 问题是我弄丢了家里的钥匙。 (2)what 引导表语从句。 My hometown is not what it was ten years ago. 我的家乡已经不是十年前的样子了。 (3)where，why，when，because，how，whether 等引导表语从句。 This is where I worked with my parents one year ago. 这是我一年前和父母劳动过的地方。 (4)as if/though 引导
10、表语从句。 It seems as if/though he has seen the man before. 看起来好像他以前见过这个人。 (5)主语是 reason 时，常用 that 而不用 because 引导表语从句。 The reason why he was late was that he had his bike broken.他迟到的原因是他的自行车坏了。 (6)如果主句的主语是 idea，advice，suggestion，order，request，requirement 等名词时，表语 从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即“(should)动词原形”。 My suggest
11、ion is that we (should) inform their parents about this. 我的建议就是把这件事情通知他们的父母。 4同位语从句 在复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句，该类从句进一步解释对应名词的内容。常见的 接同位语从句的名词有：idea，fact，news，belief，hope，information，evidence，opinion， problem，truth，answer，proposal，theory，decision，discovery，thought，certainty，condition 等。 (1)由连词 that 引导同位语从句，
12、that 不作成分，陈述中心词的内容。 The news that he has adjusted himself to the diet in Hunan has made his parents glad. 他习惯了湖南饮食的消息使得他的父母很高兴。 (2)由 whether，when，how，why，who，which，what 等引导同位语从句，可以表示疑问。 Well discuss the problem whether we get up at 630 or at 500. 我们将讨论我们是在 630 还是在 500 起床的问题。 I have no idea when they
13、 will discuss the theory. 我不知道他们将什么时候讨论这个理论。 I have no impression how he entered the hall. 他是怎样进入大厅的，我没有印象。 The question why the weather is becoming drier and drier hasnt been answered. 为什么天气变得越来越干燥这个问题还没有得到回答。 The problem who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作的问题需要考虑。 He hasnt solved
14、 the problem which university he should choose. 他还没有解决应该选择哪所大学的问题。 I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事。 (3)同位语从句一般紧跟在同位词之后；有时因为谓语较短，为使句子平衡，也会把同位语从 句放在后面，形成同位词与从句之间的隔离。 News came that our football team had won the match. 消息传来：我们的足球队获得了那场比赛的胜利。 二、非人称转述结构 1概述 非人称转述结构是指句型“Itbe过去分词that 从
15、句”。that 引导的实际上是一个主语从 句，it 为形式主语。这个句型是用来转述人们的一般认识或说的话。常用于此句型的动词有 say，know，report，believe，claim，think，predict，hope 等，意为“据”。 It is said that at least a score of buildings have been damaged or destroyed. 据说至少有 20 座楼房遭到破坏或被毁。 注意：若过去分词是 suggested，ordered，required 等表“建议，命令，要求”的动词时，从 句须用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“(should)
16、动词原形”。 It has been suggested that the work (should) be started at once.人们已经建议立即动工。 2用法 (1)“Itbe过去分词that 从句”可与“Sb./Sth.(that 从句的主语)be过去分词to do” 进行同义句转换。 如果转述的动作与转述同时发生或之后发生，则不定式用一般式。 It is believed that they will finish the project on time.They are believed to finish the project on time. 大家相信他们会按时完成这
17、项工程。 如果转述的动作发生在转述之前，不定式用完成式。 It is said that he went abroad two years ago. He is said to have gone abroad two years ago. 据说他是两年前出的国。 如果转述的动作此时正在发生，不定式用进行式。 It is said that he is making a new film now. He is said to be making a new film now. 据说，他现在正在拍摄一部新影片。 (2)“Itbe过去分词that 从句”也可以变为“People动词that 从句”
18、。 It is said that the strange old man is a great artist. People say that the strange old man is a great artist. 据说那个怪老头是一位艺术大师。 .用适当的连接词填空 1Scientists have obtained more evidence that plastic is finding its way into the human body.(2019 江苏) 2Without his support，we wouldnt be where we are now.(2018 北
19、京) 3This is what my father has taught meto always face difficulties and hope for the best.(2018 北 京) 4The gold medal will be awarded to whoever wins the first place in the bicycle race.(2018 天津) 5By boat is the only way to get here，which is how we arrived.(2018 江苏) 6Jane moved aimlessly down the tre
20、e- lined street，not knowing where she was heading.(2017 北 京) 7She asked me whether/if I had returned the books to the library，and I admitted that I hadnt.(2017 天津) 8The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can be entirely free from dust.(2016 北 京) 9It is often the case that anything i
21、s possible for those who hang on to hope.(2016 江苏) 10 The manager put forward a suggestion that we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.(2016 天津) .单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误) 1My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that where I live.(2016 全国，短文改错) 2After looking at the toy for some ti
22、me，he turned around and found where that 或 where his parents were missing.(2015 全国，短文改错) 3If you notice that when someone is missing or hurt，tell your teacher immediately. (2014 四川，短文改错) 4That is which what other teachers say.(2013 辽宁，短文改错) 5This is how what/where I need to improve in the future.(20
23、13 大纲全国，短文改错) 6For a while my parents bought me new toys.But before long they began to see which what was happening.(2012 新课标全国，短文改错) 7Here is my idea abouthow what a friend is like.(2010 重庆，短文改错) 8So if what they had said was true，I would have a chance of winning the prize. (2010 全国，短文改错) .单句语法填空 1
24、What made her angry was that her son was often late for school. 2That her computer is out of order troubles her at present. 3Along with his letter was his promise that he would attend the meeting next week. 4Every year，whoever makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival. 5Som
25、e people told stories about old times，and others wrote down what they remembered. (2018 东北三省三校高三二模) 6I was really nervous and wondered if/whether she would actually find it. (2018 江西百所名校高三联考) 7What parents are supposed to do is to create a friendly studying environment for kids，and teach them to be
26、an independent learner.(2018 四川德阳高三一诊) 8The local health organization is reported to have been set (set) up twenty- five years ago. 9It was ordered that all the soldiers (should) be sent(send) to the front. 10It is required(require) in the regulations that you should not tell other people the passwo
27、rd of your e- mail account. .单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误) 11It is a pity that you have missed such a wonderful game. 12The reason why he speaks French fluently is because that he used to live in France for a long time. 13He made it quite clear that he wouldnt change his mind. 14. If Whether he will come back t
28、omorrow is unknown to us all. 15.What That he had left the company made all of us very surprised. .完成句子 16The bus I took was broken on the way.This was why I was late. 我乘坐的公共汽车在路上坏了，这就是我迟到的原因。 17He didnt tell me when we would meet again. 他没有告诉我，我们什么时候会再见面。 18This is our only request that the problem (should) be solved as soon as possible. 我们唯一的要求是：这个问题尽快解决。 19It is well- known/known to all that the reserve area is forbidden to hunt. 众所周知，这个保护区禁止打猎。 20He is said to have been robbed yesterday while shopping in the supermarket. 据说，他昨天在超市购物时被抢劫了。