1、GrammarEmphatic Structures： Inversion and “It” Cleft Sentences & Perfect verb forms 感知以下课文原句，完成方框下的小题 (一) 1Seldom has drumming caused such conflict. 2 Had they known their neighbour was a drummer， they wouldnt have moved into the building. 3No sooner had they moved in than the noise began and rarely
2、 did they get a full nights sleep. 4Neither could they relax or read a book without plugging their ears. 5It was only after careful consideration that we gave Yang Ming a warning. 6.but it is the fact that people have classified his music as “noise” that upsets him most. 7She added that it wasnt so
3、much the water falling onto their balcony from Smith watering his plants that bothered them. 1句 1、3、4 为否定词置于句首，引起的部分倒装。 2句 2 省略 if，将 had 提前，还原句 2 为：If they had known their.。 3句 5、 6、7 是 it 用于强调结构中。 (二) 1Why havent you been in touch? 2What have you been doing during the holidays? 3I expect you have b
4、een working hard for your exams! 4At least by the time I get back I will have read that awfully boring book that my history teacher has made me read over the holidays. 5Id loved to have had a drink of water but my brother had finished it all! 6Then he remembered once having been taken round the towe
5、r when we were younger. 7Well，he had been standing there for a minute or so when there was a noise. 8It must have been an instinctive reaction but. 9 Having come here every summer means that most of the people in the village are really friendly. 10I suppose they must have known me since I was a baby
6、. 1以上句子分别使用了不同的时态或非谓语动词形式来表达“完成”的概念。 2根据以上例句，表示“完成”的动词形式有：现在完成时态(句 1)；现在完成进行时态(句 2、3)；将来完成时态(句 4)；不定式的完成式(句 5)；动词-ing 形式的完成式(句 6、9)；过去 完成进行时态(句 7)；含有情态动词的完成时态(句 8、10)。 .强调结构：倒装句和分裂句“It” 一、倒装句 1倒装的含义 在英语中，主语和谓语的语序通常是主语在前，谓语在后。但有时为了强调句子的某一部分 或其他原因，谓语需要全部或部分移到主语的前面，这叫语序倒装。 2倒装的分类 倒装有两种：完全倒装和部分倒装。在倒装语序中
7、，若整个谓语都在主语之前，则称为完全 倒装； 若谓语一部分(通常是助动词、 情态动词或 be 动词)位于主语之前， 则称之为部分倒装。 3完全倒装的应用场合 (1)there be 句型中，其中 be 可换作 appear，come，exist，happen，lie，remain，seem，stand， ring 等动词。 There stands a temple on the top of the mountain. 山顶上有一座寺庙。 There rings the bell.铃响了。 (2)由副词 here，there，now，then 等开头的句子，谓语动词是 be，come，fol
8、low，go，begin 等，且主语是名词时。 There goes the last bus.末班车开走了。 Here are some 这是一些图画书。 (3)表“动态”的副词 in，out 等置于句首作状语，且句子主语是名词时。 Out rushed the girl，crying.那个女孩哭着跑出来了。 注意代词作主语时，主谓语序不变。 In she came and the lesson began. 她走进来开始上课。 (4)表示地点的介词词组位于句首时。 In the north of the city lies a river.城北有条河。 In front of our ho
9、use stands a big tree. 我们的房子前有一棵大树。 (5)such 置于句首时(多被认为是表语，such 后的 be 动词应与其后真正的主语保持一致)。 Such is life！人生就是这样！ Such were his words.他就是这样说的。 (6)作表语的形容词、分词或介词短语置于句首时，此时倒装结构为“表语连系动词主 语”。 形容词连系动词主语 Present at the meeting were some important figures. 出席会议的是一些重要人物。 分词连系动词主语 Gone are the days when Chinese wer
10、e burdened with three mountains. 中国人民肩负三座大山的日子一去不复返了。 Sitting in front of the house was a little girl. 一个小女孩坐在房子的前面。 介词短语连系动词主语 Among the goods are Christmas trees，flowers，candles and toys. 这些商品里有圣诞树、鲜花、蜡烛和玩具。 4部分倒装的应用场合 (1)否定或半否定意义的副词或介词短语置于句首时，引起部分倒装结构。常见的词有以下几 种： 否定意义系列：no，nowhere，not，never； 否定意义
11、短语“绝不”系列： in no way， at no time， in no case， by no means， on no account， on/under no condition； 半否定意义系列：seldom，hardly，scarcely，barely，little，few 等。 By no means is she an inexperienced teacher. 她绝不是个毫无经验的老师。 Under no condition should you tell them what happened.你绝不能告诉他们所发生的事。 Seldom does he go to the
12、 park at weekend. 周末他很少去公园。 注意：few，little 作主语或修饰主语时，则用陈述语序。 Few students are in the classroom after 10 oclock in the evening. 晚上十点钟之后很少有学生在教室里。 (2)常使用部分倒装的否定词在句首的特殊句型。 not only.but (also) 连接两个分句时， 若 not only 置于句首， 前一个分句用部分倒装结构， 而后一个分句不倒装。 Not only are the students planting trees， but (also) the teac
13、her is.不仅学生们在种树， 老师也在种。 neither.nor.连接两个分句时，两个分句都用部分倒装。 Neither have I seen him recently，nor have I heard from him.我最近既没见到他，也没收到他的 来信。 “hardly(scarcely/barely)when.”和“no sooner.than.”句型，意为“一就”。 当 hardly(scarcely/barely) 或 no sooner 置于句首时， 主句的谓语动词用部分倒装， 并且主句多 用过去完成时。 Hardly had we sat down at the tab
14、le when the phone rang.No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang. 我们刚在桌子旁坐下，电话铃就响了。 not until 从句或短语在句首时，后面主句的谓语动词用部分倒装结构，而从句不倒装。 Not until she saw the present did she feel happy. 直到看到礼物，她才感到高兴。 注意：若 not until 句型用在强调句中，则不倒装。 It was not until she saw the present that she felt happy. 直
15、到看到礼物，她才感到高兴。 (3)“so形容词/副词that”和“such名词that”句型，意为“如此以至于”。 当“so形容词/副词”，“such名词”位于句首时，主句的谓语动词用部分倒装结构，但 从句不倒装。 So beautiful a girl/Such a beautiful girl is she that many young boys fall in love with her. 她是一个如此美丽的姑娘，以至于许多年轻小伙子都爱上了她。 (4)当副词 only 强调状语(介词短语/副词/状语从句)，并且置于句首时，主句谓语动词用部分 倒装。 Only when he retu
16、rned did we find out the truth. 只有到他回来时我们才发现实情。 注意：但如果 only 不用于以上结构，只修饰主语时，不用倒装。 Only his brother was right. 只有他的弟弟(哥哥)是对的。 (5)so/neither/nor 置于句首，表示前者情况也适用于后者，其句型为：so/neither/norbe 动词/ 助动词/情态动词主语。so 与前面的肯定句呼应；neither，nor 与前面的否定句呼应。 He has passed the exam，so have I. 他考试及格了，我也是。 If you dont do the wo
17、rk，neither shall I. 如果你不做这项工作，我也不做。 注意： 如果后一句只是单纯地重复前一句的内容， 对其肯定或附和， 此时译作“确实(如此)”， 则采用陈述语序。 John won the first prize in the contest. So he did. 约翰在比赛中获得了一等奖。 确实如此。 (6)省略 if 的虚拟条件句以 had/were/should 开头引起的倒装。 Had he worked harder，he would have got through the exam.要是他再努力一点，他会通过考试 的。 Were she my friend，
18、I would ask her for help. 如果她是我的朋友，我就会请她帮忙。 Should it rain tomorrow，we should have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. 如果明天下雨，我们就推迟去杨浦大桥的参观活动。 (7)as 引导的让步状语从句，通常把从句中的表语、状语、甚至谓语动词的一部分置于句首。 Young as he is，he has travelled to many countries. 尽管年轻，但他已经游历过很多国家。 注意：在 as 引导的让步状语从句中，当表语是名词，且为单数形式放于句首
19、时，其前不能加 冠词。 Beggar as he is，he looks very proud. 尽管他是个乞丐，但看上去很高傲。 (8)though 引导的让步状语从句可以倒装，也可以不倒装；although 引导的让步状语从句不倒 装。 Although we were tired，we kept walking. Though we were tired，we kept walking. Tired though we were，we kept walking. Tired as we were，we kept walking. 尽管累了，我们仍继续前行。 二、强调句(分裂句“It”)
20、1强调句型的基本结构 I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday. It was I that/who met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.(强调主语) It was Li Ming that/who I met at the railway station yesterday.(强调宾语) It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.(强调地点状语) It was yesterday that I met Li Mi
21、ng at the railway station.(强调时间状语) 昨天我在火车站遇到了李明。 注意：(1)强调主语时，that/who 后的谓语与被强调的主语在人称和数上保持一致。 (2)强调谓语则用 do/does/did 来完成。 2强调句型的变式 (1)一般疑问句：Is/Was it被强调部分that其他部分？ Was it in the house that he made it? 他是在那所房子里做的那件事吗？ (2)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词is/was itthat其他部分？ When was it that China sent naval ships to protect s
22、hips against pirates? 中国是什么时候派军舰去打击海盗保护船只的？ (3)not.until.句型的强调句：It is/was not until被强调部分that其他部分。 I didnt leave until he came. It was not until he came that I left. 直到他来，我才离开。 3“删减法”判断强调句 把“It is/was”和“that”删去后，可重新排列一下句子，如果句子结构完整、句意通顺，就 是强调句，否则就不是强调句。 It is Tom that often helps me with my English.(强
23、调句)汤姆经常帮我学习英语。 It is strange that he did not come at all.(非强调句) 真奇怪，他竟然没来。 .表达“完成”的动词形式 1现在完成时：表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响，也可以表示从过去某 一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 Ive learned 2,000 words. 我已经学了 2 000 个单词了。 I have visited most of the cities in China since five years ago. 五年来我已游遍了中国的大多数城市。 2现在完成进行时：表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到
24、现在的动作可能还要继续下去。 I have been sitting here all the afternoon. 我在这儿坐了整整一下午了。 They have been fighting for independence since the 1960s. 他们从 20 世纪 60 年代以来一直在为独立而斗争。 3 过去完成时： 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作或表示从过去某一时间开始 一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。 How many English films had you seen by the end of last month? 到上个月底，你看了多少部英文电影？
25、 I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 车来的时候，我已经在车站等了 20 分钟了。 4过去完成进行时：表示在过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作。 At last they got the letter they had been expecting. 最后他们收到了他们一直期待的信。 Nobody knew what they had been doing all these years.没有人知道他们这些年都在干什么。 5将来完成时：表示在将来某一时间以前能够完成的动作。 Before long h
26、e will have forgotten all about the matter.不久他就会完全忘记这件事的。 We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到本学期末，我们将学完 12 个单元。 6不定式的完成式：表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作。 Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. 对不起，给你添了这么多麻烦。 He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎已经感冒了。 7动词-ing 形式的完成式：表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作。 Not havin
27、g been told what to do，she had to wait at home.没有人告诉她要干什么，她只能在家 里等着。 I remembered having given it back as soon as I got home.我记得我一到家就把它还了。 8情态动词have done should/ought to have done sth.本该做某事而实际上没做 must have done sth.一定做了某事 neednt have done sth.本不必做某事而实际上做了 can have done sth.(用在否定句和疑问句中)可能做了某事 could h
28、ave done sth.(用在肯定句中)可能做了某事；本能做某事而实际上未做 may have done sth.可能做了某事 might have done sth.(用在肯定句中)可能做了某事；本可能做某事而实际上未做 She should have told me the news earlier. 她本应该早点告诉我这个消息的。 She cant have finished it.她不可能做完了这件事。 He might have arrived now.现在他可能到了。 .用倒装句改写下列句子 1If it were not for the support of the teach
29、ers，the student could not overcome her difficulty. Were it not for the support of the teachers，the student could not overcome her difficulty. (2017 江苏) 2If it had not been for his invitation the other day，I should not be here now. Had it not been for his invitation the other day，I should not be here
30、 now.(2016 江苏) 3They didnt encourage the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas until recently. Not until recently did they encourage the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.(2016 江苏) 4Lily realized that she had left the contract at home only when she w
31、alked into the office. Only when Lily walked into the office did she realize that she had left the contract at home. (2015 天津) 5Mo Yan had no sooner stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause. No sooner had Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderou
32、s applause. (2014 陕西) .用适当的连接词或所给动词的正确形式填空 1I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I have made(make) over the years. (2019 全国) 2Since 2011，the country has grown(grow) more corn than rice.(2018 全国) 3If the new safety system had been put(put) to use，the accident would never have h
33、appened. (2017 北京) 4It was when I got back to my apartment that I first came across my new neighbors.(2017 天津) 5You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel that the coach picks up tourists.(2016 天津) 6Bach died in 1750，but it was not until the early 19th century that his musical gift was full
34、y recognized.(2015 重庆) 7It was when we were returning home that I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.(2015 湖南) .单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误) 1Since thenfor all these yearswe had have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please.(2014 新课标全国，短文改错) 2Unfortunately，by the
35、 time I got back，they have had finished the scene and the actor couldnt be seen anywhere.(2011 陕西，短文改错) 3I couldnt believe my lucknot only did I had have my photo taken with him，but he signed his name on my shirt！(2011 陕西，短文改错) 4If you tell him a secret，never will he talks talk about it with anybody
36、 else.(2010 重庆，短文改错) .根据要求改写下列句子 1I had no sooner got home than it began to rain heavily.(改为倒装句) No sooner had I got home than it began to rain heavily. 2If you had taken my advice，you wouldnt have failed in the examination.(改为倒装句) Had you taken my advice，you wouldnt have failed in the examination.
37、3Where did you meet your old friend yesterday？(改为强调句) Where was it that you met your old friend yesterday? 4A person seldom lives to be a hundred years old.(改为倒装句) Seldom does a person live to be a hundred years old. 5I didnt realize the importance of learning English well until I went to England.(强
38、调状语) It was not until I went to England that I realized the importance of learning English well. .单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误) 6Great changes have taken place in his hometown in the last ten years. 7You have be been painting the house all day. 8We have had learned English for three years by the end of last yea
39、r. 9It had been rained raining for five days.The fields were all flooded. 10You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. .完成句子 11Try as/though she might，she couldnt get the door open. 尽管她努力尝试，就是无法打开门。 12Only when he reached the tea-house did he realize that he was quite mistaken. 直到到达了茶馆，他才意识到自己弄错了。 13Its nice.Never before have I had such a special drink! 这种饮料很好。以前我从未喝过这么特别的饮料！ 14Having lived in this city for four years，the man decided to return to his homeland. 在这个城市生活了四年之后，这个人决定回到家乡去。 15The engine doesnt work.There must have been something wrong with it. 这台发动机不工作了，一定是出故障了。