1、二二、代词指代题代词指代题 (2019 全国，A) My Favourite Books Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co- author of the This Book Will series(系列)of lifestyle books.Here she picks her top reads. Matilda Roald Dahl I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahls writing and it gave me a new appre
2、ciation for his strange and delightful worlds.Matildas battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress，Miss Trunchbull，are equally funny and frightening，but theyre also aspirational. After Dark Haruki Murakami Its about two sistersEri，a model who either wont or cant stop sleeping，and Mari，
3、 a young student.In trying to connect to her sister，Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse “night people” who are hiding secrets. Gone Girl Gillian Flynn There was a bit of me that didnt want to love this when everyone else on the planet did，but the horror story is brilliant.
4、Theres tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust.Its a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise whats going on is horribly enjoyable. The Stand Stephen King This is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around.After a serious flu ou
5、tbreak wipes out 99.4% of the worlds population，a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left.Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever. 语篇解读 本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了Jo Usmar最喜欢的四本书。 21Who does “I” refer to in the text? AStephen King. BGillian Flynn. CJo Usmar. DRoald Dahl. 答案 C 解析 代词指代题。
6、由标题 My Favourite Books 以及第一段内容可知，文章是以 Jo Usmar 的口吻进行写作的。故选 C。 22Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri? ACosmopolitan. BMatilda. CAfter Dark. DThe Stand. 答案 C 解析 细节理解题。根据 After Dark 部分中的第一句“Its about two sistersEri，a model who either wont or cant stop sleeping，and Mari，a young student.”可知答案
7、为 C。 23What kind of book is Gone Girl? AA folk tale. BA biography. CA love story. DA horror story. 答案 D 解析 细节理解题。根据 Gone Girl 部分中的“.the horror story is brilliant.”可知答案为 D。 一、题型解读 代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多，动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称 代词、不定代词和指示代词。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。设问形式常有： (1)What does the underlined word “this
8、/it/them/which.” refer to? (2)The underlined part “it/that/they/which.” in Paragraph.refers to “ ” 二、解题技巧“就近原则”判指代 第一步：明确代词所指代内容的位置 代词永远出现在原词之后，故代词所指代的内容在这一句的前面一句中，或者前几句中。 第二步：熟悉代词的含义 (1)it/this/that 可指代一件事。 (2)it/he/them/they/one/those 指上文提到的人或物。 (3)which/that/who 等关系代词指代其所修饰的先行词，非限制性定语从句中 which 可指
9、代 前面整句话的内容。 第三步：替换核实再比较 (1)用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。 (2)比较所代部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。 例如： 【真题感悟】中第 21 题。由标题 My Favourite Books 以及第一段内容可知，文章是以 Jo Usmar 的口吻进行写作的。故 C 选项正确。 A 2019 江西省名校(临川一中、南昌二中)联考 Have you ever spent an afternoon in the backyard，maybe grilling or enjoying a basketball game，when sudde
10、nly you notice that everything goes quiet？There is an old phrase “calm before the storm” ， often used in a situationa quiet period just before a great activity or excitement.According to our own experience，we know there is actually calm before the storm.But what 8causes this calm？And is it always ca
11、lm before the storm? A period of calm happens in a particular kind of storm，the simplest kind of storma single- cell thunderstorm.In this type of thunderstorm，there is usually only one main stream of 9current，which is warm,5damp air and drawn from places near the ground.Storms need warm and damp air
12、 as fuel，so they typically draw that air in from surrounding environment.Storms can draw in the air that fit their need from all directionseven from the direction in which the storm is traveling. 11As the warm， damp air is pulled into a storm system， it leaves a low- pressure vacuum(真空) coming after
13、.The rising air meets the cold dry air that has already existed in the storm clouds，thus the temperature of the warm， damp air drops， and the water vapor in it changes into 6tiny drops that are a 1precondition of rain.These drops 2accumulate and build on larger particles(颗粒) like dust， until they gr
14、ow large enough to 10form raindrops. This warm，damp air keeps moving upwards，but it becomes cooler and drier during its trip through cloud.When it reaches the top of the cloud， the air is squeezed out at the top.This air is sent rolling out over the big thunderclouds.From there，the air goes down.War
15、m and dry air is relatively stable，and once it covers a region，that air，in turn，causes the calm before a storm. Most thunderstorms， though， dont start with calm.Thats because most are actually groups of storms with complex wind patterns.Theres so much air moving up and down storm groups that the cal
16、m before the storm never happens.Instead，before the storm，it might be really windy! 语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文，解释了暴风雨来临前的平静的原因，并指出并非所有的暴风 雨都始于平静。 1Which best fits the description of a particular kind of storm? AA thunderstorm with a single shape. BA thunderstorm without strong winds. CA storm with air drawn from
17、 every direction. DA storm fueled by moving air from the ground. 答案 D 解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句的内容“在这种类型的雷暴中，通常只有一股主要气 流，那就是来自地面附近温暖潮湿的空气”可知，特殊的雷暴是指由地面移动的空气推动的 风暴。故 D 项正确。 2What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to? AThe warm and wet air. BThe warm and dry air. CThe cold and wet air. DThe c
18、old and dry air. 答案 A 解析 代词指代题。根据画线词前的“The rising air meets the cold dry air that has already existed in the storm clouds，thus the temperature of the warm，damp air drops”可知，上升的空 气与干冷空气相遇，因此温暖潮湿的空气的温度下降，其中的水蒸气变成微小的水滴，这是 下雨的先决条件，由此可知，画线词指的是前面提到的温暖潮湿的空气，故 A 项正确。 3Which does the writer most likely agree
19、 to? APresence of the calm relies on stable air. BAll thunderstorms dont start with the calm. CThe drier the air is，the bigger the storm will be. DStorm happens without air moving up and down. 答案 B 解析 推理判断题。 根据最后一段中的“Most thunderstorms， though， dont start with calm.” 可知，然而，大多数雷暴并非始于平静，由此可知，并非所有的暴风雨都
20、始于平静，故 B 项 正确。 4What is the passage mainly about? AA brief introduction of a peaceful storm. BA personal experience of a heavy storm. CAn explanation of the calm before a storm. DAn analysis of causes and effects of a storm. 答案 C 解析 主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“But what causes this calm? And is it always calm befo
21、re the storm？”可知，本文主要解释了暴风雨来临前的平静的原因，故 C 项正确。 B (2019 湖南长沙雅礼中学模拟) A team of international scientists is due to set off for the worlds biggest iceberg in a mission aiming to answer fundamental questions about the 7impact of climate change in the polar regions.12The scientists，led by the British Antar
22、ctic Survey(BAS)，are trying to reach a newly revealed ecosystem that had been hidden for 120,000 years below the Larsen C ice shelf. Last year ， part of the Larsen C ice shelf calved( 崩 解 ) away， forming a huge icebergA68which is four times bigger than London，and revealing life beneath for the first
23、 time.Now scientists say it is a race against time to explore these new ecosystems before they are transformed to the light.Marine biologist Dr Katrin Linse from the BAS is leading the mission. “The calving of A68 provides us with a unique opportunity to study 3marine life as it responds to a huge e
24、nvironment change，” she said.“It is important that we get there quickly before the undersea environment changes as sunlight enters the water.” Professor David Vaughan， science director at the BAs， said， “We need to be bold(大胆的) on this one.Larsen C is a long way south and theres lots of sea ice in t
25、he area，but this is important science，so we will try our best to get the team where they need to be.” He said climate change had already affected the sea around Antarctica and is warming some coastal waters.“Future warming may make some habitats warm.Where these habitats support unique species that
26、are adapted to love the cold and not the warm，those species are going to either move or die.” There is growing concern about the possible impact of climate change in the Antarctic.Earlier this month，a report revealed that melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are speeding up the already fas
27、t pace of the sea level rise.The research，published by the National Academies of Science，Engineering and Medicine，said，“At the current rate，the worlds ocean will be，on average，at least 60cm higher by the end of the century.” However，it found that the process is 4accelerating，and more than three quar
28、ters of the acceleration since 1993 is due to melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica，the study shows. 语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。南极地区的拉森 C 冰架崩解形成了一座巨大的冰山A68 冰山。冰山下面显现的新的海洋生态系统为科学家提供了研究未知的海洋生物的机会。 5Why are the scientists eager to go to the iceberg? ATo study how the iceberg was formed. BTo study a newly d
29、iscovered ecosystem. CTo explore a new way to prevent climate change. DTo explore the geography of the Larsen C ice shelf. 答案 B 解析 细节理解题。由第二段倒数第二句“Now scientists say it is a race against time to explore these new ecosystems before they are transformed to the light.”可知，科学家着急赶去世界最大 的冰山是为了在其受到光照影响之前研究这
30、座冰山下面的新的海洋生态系统。故选 B。 6What do the underlined words “this one” in the fourth paragraph refer to? AThe Larsen C ice shelf. BClimate change in Antarctica. CThe A68 iceberg with the ecosystem beneath it. DThe condition of animal species in Antarctica. 答案 C 解析 代词指代题。由第三段“The calving of A68 provides us wi
31、th a unique opportunity to study marine life.”可知，A68 冰山的形成为科学家提供了研究海洋生物的独一无二的机会， 所以 Professor David Vaughan 认为科学家要果敢地抓住这次机会，故 this one 指的是 A68 冰 山和它下面的生态系统。故选 C。 7What can we learn about the A68 iceberg from the text? AIt is as big as London. BIt is part of an ice shelf in the Arctic. CIt will disap
32、pear in a very short time. DIt has uncovered an unknown ecosystem in Antarctica. 答案 D 解析 细节理解题。由第二段中的“.which is four times bigger than London.”可知 A 选项 错误；由第四段第二句中的“Larsen C is a long way south and theres lots of sea ice in the area.”可知拉森 C 冰架位于南极地区，故 B 选项错误；由第一段最后一句中的“to reach a newly revealed ecosy
33、stem that had been hidden for 120,000 years below the Larsen C ice shelf.” 可知 D 选项正确。C 选项在文中没有提到。 8What can we infer from the last paragraph? AThere is no need to worry about climate change in Antarctica. BThe ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are melting at a steady rate. CMany creatures livin
34、g in deep water will die out due to climate change. DBy 2100，the sea level will have risen to a much higher level than now. 答案 D 解析 推理判断题。由最后一段中的“.At the current rate，the worlds oceans will be，on average，at least 60cm higher by the end of the century.”可推测 D 选项正确。 .障碍词汇突破 (一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思 1In
35、 the current global economy，peace is the precondition and guarantee for stable development. 前提 2As people accumulate more wealth，they tend to spend a greater proportion of their income， enjoying life.积累 3It is one of Europes finest aquariums(水族馆)，which is home to various sea fish and other marine an
36、imals.海洋的 4Based on the new theory，one day well be able to accelerate healing in humans by turning off the p21 gene.加速 (二)同义词语替换 5Some chopsticks grow mould(霉) when exposed to damp air for a long time，which may lead to liver cancer(肝癌)，the report said.wet 6Mother nature is full of wonders.Creatures
37、as tiny as a butterfly can do things we could never have imagined.small 7 At the young age of 21， Swift Taylor has already made a major impact on music and has been an incredible role model for young women everywhere.influence/effect (三)一词多义 8cause v导致 n原因；事业 (1)We should be devoted to furthering th
38、e cause of cultural cooperation.n.事业 (2)It is said that global warming is caused by the activities of humans.v.导致 (3)Cars are one of the leading causes of air pollution in the world today.n.原因 9current adj.当前的 n(气/水/电/洋)流 (1)Professor Heidi Johansen- Berg，a neurologist(神经学者) at Oxford University，has
39、 discovered that firing a tiny electrical current to part of the brain can help people learn faster.n.(电)流 (2)He wants to sell the house for its current market value.adj.当前的 10form n形式；种类；表格 v.形成 (1)Poets use many different forms of poetry to express themselves.n.种类 (2)Bad habits，once formed，are dif
40、ficult to give up or correct.v.形成 (3)A household heater absorbs energy in the form of electric current and releases it in the form of heat.n.形式 (4)You will be asked to fill in a form with details of your birth and occupation.n.表格 .长难句理解 11As the warm，damp air is pulled into a storm system，it leaves
41、a low- pressure vacuum(真空) coming after. 句式分析 本句是一个主从复合句。其中 as 引导的是时间状语从句；主句中的谓语动词为 leaves，表示 “留下”。 精美译文 当温暖潮湿的空气被吸入风暴中时，会留下一个低压真空带。 12The scientists，led by the British Antarctic Survey(BAS)，are trying to reach a newly revealed ecosystem that had been hidden for 120,000 years below the Larsen C ice
42、shelf. 句式分析 本句是一个主从复合句。其中主句主语为 the scientists，led by 为过去分词作定 语；谓语动词为 are trying，that 引导的是一个定语从句，修饰先行词 a newly revealed ecosystem。 精美译文 由英国南极调查局(BAS)领导的科学家们正试图找到一个新发现的生态系统， 这个生态系统已经在拉森 C 冰架下隐藏了 12 万年。 强化练强化练(十八十八) .阅读理解 A Most of Bangladesh is at or below sea level.Rising seawaters linked to climate
43、change has severely affected the country.High water from storms in coastal areas also adds salt to soil.The land is becoming salty.Crops are less productive and many areas of cropland in the country are becoming unfit for farming.These are big problems for the small country.More than 155 million peo
44、ple live in Bangladesh.Growing crops is the most common way Bangladeshis support themselves. To find a way out，farmers in the country are learning to grow vegetables in so- called “vertical gardens” The soil in these gardens is better because heavy rains have removed much of the salt. A vertical gar
45、den is easy to make.Villagers fill containers with good soil and natural fertilizers.They put the containers on bricks so they are off the ground.They add pieces of the bricks to the soil to help water flow and drain(排水) The farmers cut small holes into the sides of the containers.This permits veget
46、ables with short roots a place to grow.Vegetables with long roots grow on top of the container.One bag of soil can produce up to eight kilograms of vegetables in one season. The farmers also grow vegetables in containers made from large，thin pieces of plastic supported by bamboo.This “vertical tower
47、” measures more than a meter wide.Each of these towers can produce more than 100 kilograms of vegetables.It costs about $12$13 to build. 语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。“农作物产量减少”是孟加拉国的一个大问题。为了找到出 路，这个国家的农民正在学习在所谓的“垂直花园”里种植蔬菜。 1What is mentioned as a big problem for Bangladesh? ASevere climate conditions. BToo many pe
48、ople to support. CLack of enough fresh water. DReduced crop productivity. 答案 D 解析 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Crops are less productive and many areas of cropland in the country are becoming unfit for farming.These are big problems for the small country.”可知， “农作物产量减少”是孟加拉国的一个大问题。故选 D。 2Which mainly makes vegetabl
49、e growing in vertical gardens successful? APlaces in the soil for roots. BHeavy rains kept in the soil. CThe good soil with little salt. DBrick pieces added to the soil. 答案 C 解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“The soil in these gardens is better because heavy rains have removed much of the salt.”可知，少盐的好土让垂直花园的蔬菜种植成功。故选 C。 3What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 3 refer to? ABricks. BFertilizers. CVillagers. DContainers. 答案 D 解析 代词指代题。根