1、1 第四讲 定语从句 Part 真题变式体验 12015湖南高考It is a truly delightful place, _ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. 答案：which 根据结构，此题为一个非限制性定语从句，且句中缺少主语，故用 which。 22015陕西高考As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time _ he shoul
2、d be able to be independent. 答案：when 根据结构分析，“the time”后为一个句子，“the time”为一个时间名词，故 是一个定语从句，该定语从句中只能填时间状语，故用关系副词 when。 3 2015 重 庆 高 考 He wrote many childrens books, nearly half of _ were published in the 1990s. 答案：which 根据句式结构分析，逗号后为一个非限制性定语从句，且从句中缺少主 语又构成“介词which”的结构，故用 which 指代 books 在从句中作主语。 42015四川
3、高考The books on the desk, _ covers are shiny, are prizes for us. 答案：whose 根据句式结构分析，逗号后为定语从句，而句中主语“covers”与先行词 “books”之间为所属关系，故用 whose。 52015北京高考Opposite is St. Pauls Church, _ you can hear some lovely music. 答案：where 分析句子结构可知，“_ you can hear some lovely music”是非限制 性定语从句，“where”替代先行词“St. Pauls Church”
4、在定语从句中作地点状语。 6 2015 天 津 高 考 The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their work. 答案：where 根据句式结构分析，先行词为“atmosphere”， 而其后的定语从句中不缺 少主、宾、表等主要句子成分，只能填关系副词。像 atmosphere, case, point, situation, stage, activity, occasion 等表示抽象意义的名词为先行词，且定语从句中缺少状语的情况下，应用 关系副词 whe
5、re 引导。 7 2014 重 庆 高 考 Well reach the sales targets in a month _ we set at the beginning of the year. 答案：which/that在本句中，先行词是“the sales targets”，关系代词在定语从句中作 set 的宾语，所以填关系代词 which/that。 82014浙江高考I didnt become a serious climber until the fifth grade, _ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the b
6、ranches of a tree. 答案：when 在本句中，先行词为“the fifth grade”，设空处在定语从句中作时间状语， 故填 when。 92013湖南高考Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths. 2 答案：who/that 考查定语从句。根据句意，先行词指人，且在从句中作主语，故填 who/that。 102013重庆高考John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of _ are
7、family members. 答案：whom 考查定语从句。从句中没有宾语，故填关系代词。根据句意，先行词指 人，位于介词之后只能用 whom。 Part 语篇真题演练 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 2013广东高考One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he _16_ (find) that he had run out of salt. So Nick called to
8、his son, “Go to the village and buy some salt, but pay a fair price for it; neither too much _17_ too little.” His son looked surprised. “I can understand why I shouldnt pay too much, Father, but if I can pay less, _18_ not save a bit of money？” “That would be a very _19_ (reason) thing to do in a b
9、ig city, but it could destroy a small village like ours，” Nick said. Nicks guests, _20_ had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could. Nick replied, “The only reason a man would sell salt _21_ a lower price would be because he was desperate for money. An
10、d anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect _22_ the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it.” “But such a small thing couldnt _23_ (possible) destroy a village.” “In the beginning, there was only _24_ very small amount of unfairness in t
11、he world, but everyone added a little, always _25_ (think) that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today.” Step 1：通读全文，掌握主旨大意。 本文讲述的是尼克叫儿子去买些盐， 并交代儿子要以合理公平的价格买， 不能破坏市场 平衡的故事，告诉我们要懂得尊重他人的劳动和维护生活中的公平。 Step 2：逐题解答，确定答案。 16found。考查时态。“他发现他的盐已经用完了。”由前一句中的“One day, N
12、ick invited.”可知答案。 17nor。考查副词。此处为固定结构。 18why。考查连词。根据上下文可知，此处表示尼克的疑问。 19reasonable。考查词性转换。修饰名词用形容词。 20who。考查定语从句。从句中缺少主语且指人，可确定答案。 21at。考查介词。“以比较低的价格” 。 22for。考查固定短语。“show respect”与哪个介词搭配。 23.possibly。考查副词。修饰动词应用副词。 24a。考查冠词。表示“一点儿，少量的” 。 25thinking。考查非谓语动词。everyone 是主语，added 是谓语，think 的逻辑主语是 3 every
13、one，两者之间是主动关系。 Step 3：代入验证。 需考虑语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑，语法结合语义才能确保万无一失。 知识 清单 (1)常见关系代词的用 法：that, which, who, whom, whose, as；(2) 关系副词的用法： where, when 与 why； (3)介词关系代词结 构中， 介词的来源 ； (4) 定语从句与同位语从 句的区别；(5)定语从 句中的主谓一致；(6) 只用 that 不用 which 的情况以及只用 which 不用 that 的情 况；(7)关系代词与代 词的用法区别；(8)定 语从句与强调句型的 混合考查。 学情 分析 考生在定
14、语从句的学 习过程中存在着以下 几个问题：(1)考生不 能辨别定语从句的结 构；(2)关系代词与关 系副词的选择混乱， 不清楚关系代词与关 系副词的使用情况； (3)习惯性以翻译的方 式来理解定语从句、 同位语从句，而使自 己陷入困境之中；(4) 由于对句型结构分析 不到位，经常出现代 词与关系代词错用的 情况。 考点一 关系代词引导的定语从句 引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等，关系代词可作主语、 宾语、定语等。 1who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、 宾语等。 Ive bec
15、ome good friends with several of the students in my school who I met in the English speech contest last year. 我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生成为了好朋友。 2 whose 既可指人又可指物， 在定语从句中作定语。 指物时， “whose名词” 可用 “the 名词of which”或“of whichthe名词”来代替。 Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful? 你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？ T
16、his is the house whose window broke last night.This is the house, the window of which broke last night.This is the house, of which the window broke last night. 这就是昨晚窗户被打破的那所房子。 3.which, that 所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。 There used to be much shade of an old tree in the middle of the yard, which
17、gave us much 4 cool in summer. 过去，院子中央的一棵古树遮成的大片树荫使我们在夏季非常凉爽。 We hope the measures to control house prices, which are taken by the government，will succeed. 我们希望政府采取的控制房价的措施会成功。 4.指物时，关系代词 that 和 which 一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用 that， 而不用 which。 (1)先行词是 all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none,
18、few, little, much 等不定 代词，或先行词被 all, every, some, any, no, few, little 等修饰时。 I have read all the books (that) you gave me. 你给我的书我都已经读过了。 注意：当something确指某物或某事时，用that或which都可以。 There is something that/which keeps worrying me. 有一件事一直令我不安。 (2)先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词 the first，the second, .，the last 修饰时。 This is
19、the best film (that)I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 (3)先行词被 the only，the very，the right 等修饰时。 The only thing that matters is to find our way home. 唯一一件要紧的事情是找到我们回家的路。 (4)先行词既有人又有物时。 They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school. 他们谈论起他们记得的学校里的人和事。 5在以下情况中，只能用 which，不能用
20、 that。 (1)在非限制性定语从句中，如从句中缺少主语或宾语指物，只能用 which。 Our football team won the final, which made us excited. 我们的足球队赢得了决赛，这使我们非常兴奋。 (2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时，只能用 which。 The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. 过去我居住的房子变成了鞋店。 典例 1 2015甘肃张掖期末Get yourself familiar with local laws and customs
21、 of the countries to _ you are travelling. 解析 which 考查定语从句用法。从句中不缺主语和宾语，但空格前有介词，空格 作介词的宾语，故应填 which，不能换成 that。 典例 2 2015山西康杰中学四校联考No one had tried to understand what the real problem was except the headmaster, _ helped me out simply by listening and hugging. 解析 who 考查非限制性定语从句，从句中没有主语，先行词是 the headma
22、ster，故 用 who。 典例 3 2015四川资阳二诊Look out！Dont get too close to the house _ roof is under repair. 解析 whose 考查定语从句用法。空格后的句子不缺少成分，但先行词和空格后的 5 名词 roof 之间有所属关系，故填 whose 作定语。 考点二 关系副词引导的定语从句 当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中 when, where, why 是常见的三个关系副词。 when表时间的介词(in, on, at, during 等)which。 where表地点的介词(如 in,
23、 at, on, under 等)which； why表原因的介词(如 for)which。 1关系副词 when, where, why 的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作 状语。 Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live. 现代人更加关心他们居住的环境。 The reason why I dont trust him is that he often tells lies. 我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。 注意：1当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point， situ
24、ation， case， stage， family 等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词 where 引导定语从句；如果不作状 语，则用关系代词 that/which。 Remember that there is still one point which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow. 记住在明天的会议上我们还有一点必须弄清楚。 Shes in a hopeless situation， where we will keep a very close eye on her. 她处于无望的处境中，在这种情况下我们将密切注
25、意她。 2先行词 occasion 当“时机”讲时，用关系副词 when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词 where。 Please describe an occasion where you met real difficulties. 请描述你遇到真正困境的场景。 Occasions are rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids. 我有时间和孩子们度过一天的时机很少。 2way 和 time 后接定语从句的情况。 (1)当先行词是 way(意为“方式、方法” ，且关系词在定语从句中作状语)时，引导定语 从句的关系词可以是
26、that, in which 或省略。如： I dont like the way (that/in which) he looks at me. 我不喜欢他看我的方式。 (2)先行词是 time 时，若 time 作“次数”讲，应用关系代词 that 引导定语从句，that 可 省略；若 time 作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词 when 或“介词 at/duringwhich” 引导定语从句。如： This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face. 这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流。
27、There was a time when I hated going to school. 曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。 6 典例 4 2015广东揭阳学业水平测试Greg decided to take some of my songs that I had recorded to a local radio station, _ he explained about my illness. 解析 where 考查定语从句用法。从句中不缺少主语和宾语，先行词表示地点，故 用关系副词 where。 典例 5 2015天津河东区一模Im going to write a passage abou
28、t the days _ we stayed together. 解析 when 考查定语从句用法。从句中不缺少主语和宾语，且先行词表示时间，故 填 when。 考点三 “介词which/whom”引导的定语从句 掌握“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，要注意以下几点： 1 关系代词的确定 在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有 which 和 whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用 which； 如果先行词是人，则引导词用 whom。如： This is the train on which I went to Shanghai. 这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。 This is the student fo
29、r whom I bought the dictionary. 这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。 2 介词的位置 介词一般放在关系代词 which 和 whom 之前，但也可以放在原来的位置上。如： The house in which we live is very large. The house (which/that) we live in is very large. 我们住的房子很大。 This is the man from whom I learned the news. This is the man (that/whom) I learned the news from. 就
30、是这个男人，我从他那里得到的这个消息。 注意：如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时，这个介词一般不前置。如： My youngest brother， whom I have to look after， is demanding. 我得照看我的小弟弟，真是让人费神。 3 关系代词前介词的确定 (1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。如： The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first. 我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak to) The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is
31、 a beautiful place. 西湖是一个美丽的地方，杭州以此而闻名。(be famous for) (2)根据先行词来确定。如： 7 Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time) (3)根据所表达的意思来确定。如： Air, without which man cant live, is really important. 空气真的很重要，没有它人类就不能生存。(live without) 4“名词/代词介
32、词关系代词”结构 此类结构常见的有“some/many/most/all/none/the largestofwhich/whom”等。如： Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you. 问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说很难。 He has three sons, none of whom are doctors. 他有三个儿子，没有一个是当医生的。 5“复合介词短语关系代词 which”引导的定语从句，其从句部分常与先行词用逗号 隔开，且从句部分常用倒装语序。 He lived in a big
33、house, in front of which stood a big tree. 他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大树。 6“介词which/whom不定式”结构 The poor man has no house in which to live. The poor man has no house to live in. The poor man has no house in which he can live. 那个穷人没房子住。 典例 6 2015陕西渭南一模Im sorry not to have replied to your letter earlier, _ I mus
34、t say, I apologize. 解析 for which 考查定语从句用法。“I must say”为插入语，可去掉后再分析句子结 构。从句中 apologize 后加介词才能跟宾语。根据句意可知此处需加 for，表示“因而道 歉” 。注意 apologize to sb. for sth.。 典例 7 2015福建泉州五校摸底Sixtysix Chinese athletes attended the 2014 Winter Olympics, three _ won gold medals. 解析 of whom 考查定语从句用法。根据句意可知此处表示“所有运动员中的三名 获得金牌
35、” ，表范围，且先行词指人，且引导的是非限制性定语从句，故应填 of whom。 考点四 as 引导的定语从句 1as 作为关系代词，在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时使用，通常先行词由 the same, as, such, so 等修饰时，关系代词用 as。 They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English. 他们只能读类似这样的一些简易英语改写的故事。(as 作主语) These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected. 这些房
36、子以人们期望的低价出售。(as 作宾语) This is the same knife as I lost. 8 这把小刀和我丢的那把一样。 注意：such.as.与 such.that.的区别 such.as.中的 as 引导的是定语从句，而 such.that.中的 that 引导的是结果状语从句。 当 as 引导定语从句时，as 在从句中一般作主语或宾语，而 that 引导结果状语从句时，that 在从句中不作任何成分。 This is such a difficult problem as all of us cant work out. 这是一个我们所有人都不能解决的难题。 从句中的
37、 work out 缺少宾语，前面的 as 是关系代词，用作 work out 的宾语。 This is such a difficult problem that all of us cant work it out. 这个问题很难，我们中无人能解决它。 从句是完整的句子，前面的 that 只起引导从句的作用，在从句中不作成分。 2关系代词 as 与 which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别 (1)位置不同 as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前、 之中或之后， 而 which 引导的非限制性 定语从句只能位于主句之后。如： As is often the case, little bo
38、ys tend to be very active and out of control. 小男孩总是很活泼好动，很难控制，这是常见的情况。 Einstein, as is well known, is a famous scientist. 众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。 There was a bank around here as I remember. 我记得过去这儿附近有一家银行。 He failed in the exam, which was unexpected. 他考试没及格，这是意料之外的。 (2)意义不同 as 常译作“正如，像” ，多用于下列习惯用语中：as a
39、nybody can see 正如人人都能看 到的那样；as is well knownas is known to all 众所周知；as we had expected 正如我们所预 料的那样；as (it) often happens 正如经常发生的那样；as is often the case 正如经常发生的那 样；as has been said before 如上所述；as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的；as I remember (it)正如我所记得的那样。which 常译作“这一点，这件事” ，此时指前面主句所提 到的那件事。如： He opposed
40、the idea, as could be expected. 不出所料，他反对这个意见。 Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy. 汤姆进步很大，这使他父母很高兴。 (3)用法不同 当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用 which。如： He came here very late, which was unexpected (not expected) 他来得很晚，这是未预料到的。 9 当 as 在句中作主语时，后常接动词的被动语态。如 ： be known, be said, be repor
41、ted 等。 如果从句中动词是主动语态，一般用 which 作主语。如： She has been absent again, as is expected. 她又缺席了，正如预料的那样。 典例 8 2015陕西西工大附中二模Children under fifteen are not permitted to see such kind of film _ is bad for their mental development. 解析 as 考查定语从句用法。从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词，且先行词由 such 修 饰，故用关系代词 as。 考点五 定语从句的易错点 1关系代词 which/w
42、hom 与人称代词的用法区别 (1)关系代词既指代先行词又要连接两个句子。 典例 9 2015福建龙岩毕业班联考At the request of some English learners，he has published a lot of books, one of _ is about English idioms. 解析 which 两个分句之间无连词，故该空应填关连词连接两个句子，同时根据语 意可知，此空代替的是 books，故又应填代词，两项结合可知，此处应填关系代词 which， 而不是 them。 (2)关系代词与指代同为先行词的代词不能重复出现在定语从句中。 典例 10 20
43、15山东济南月考He was the lost boy that his parents were looking for him everywhere.(改错) 解析 去掉 him 在两个分句中，必须有连词连接，故 that 不可以省去，而 him 与关 系代词 that 指代的内容重叠，均是 the lost boy，因此需删掉 him 使从句中缺少宾语，才可以 使句子成立。 2 定语从句与强调句型结合考查， 在解此类型题时， 要首先判断哪一部分为强调句型(强 调句型强调的是句子中的一个完整成分)，然后再判断是否为定语从句。 典例 11 2015重庆一中一诊Could it be in t
44、he restaurant _ you had dinner with me yesterday _ you lost your handbag? 解析 where；that 分析句子结构可以看出该句中有一强调句型，首先假设第一空为 强调句型中的 that，删掉 it could be 及第一空格，导致句子结构混乱，语义不明确，故第二 空可知为强调句型中的 that；第一空前为名词，且与空后的内容有一定关系，故可知为定语 从句，从句中不缺主语和宾语，先行词表地点，故填 where。 3利用定语从句中关系代词可以省略来考查其他知识点，其中定语从句起到的便是干 扰作用。通常“名词名词句子”结构中，
45、“第二个名词句子”为定语从句，修饰第一 个名词。 典例 12 2015湖南宁乡一中期末You can never imagine what difficulty we had _ (find) your address. 解析 finding 此题考查“have great difficulty (in) doing something”结构，其中“we had” 为定语，修饰 difficulty，利用定语从句的形式使考生不能看透考查内容而误以为 had 后加过 去分词而用 found。 10 NO.1 解题步骤 1首先根据句子结构判断是否填连词； 2根据定语从句通常修饰名词或代词这一特点，
46、判断考查的内容是否是定语从句； 3根据定语从句中的相关考点进行分析并确定答案。 NO.2 解题技巧 1若两个句子中间无连词，且跟在名词或代词后，很可能考查定语从句中的关系词。 2判断从句中是否缺主语、宾语、定语，如果缺少，则填关系代词。 3若从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语成分则要填关系副词或考虑“介词 which/whom” 。 注意：1从句中缺少宾语的情况无外乎两种： 介词宾语 及物动词宾语,所以对从句中存在介词或及物动词的情况要引起高 度重视。 2定语从句中的易错点要作为重点复习的内容，在平时阅读或做题时多加关注，并逐 步形成一种纠错意识。 典例 13 2015郑州预测The two men
47、 saw temples and pyramids，squares and houses， and places _ kings had lived when the Mayan people ruled the region. 解析 where 根据空格位置可判断此处填连词，且又跟在名词后面，空格后的句子 与空格前的名词有一定关系，故可知考查内容为定语从句，从句中不缺主语，谓语后不需宾 语，故考虑填“关系副词” ，先行词表地点，故答案为 where。 典例 14 2015开封模拟Language is the “cement”(胶合剂)_ holds these groups together. 解析 which/that 考查定语从句， 且从句中缺少主语， 先行词表物， 无特殊修饰内容， 故填关系代词 that/which 均可。 1定语从句的独特性质：从句中的部分内容，即关系词指代的内容，与主句中的先行 词重叠，可根据这一特点来判断是否考查定语从句的用法。 2定语从句关系词的选择方面，不能只单纯看先行词表时间、地点、原因，而应按常 规的解题思路，辨别从句中缺少的成分来确定。 3在从句与先行词之间如出现插入语时，可将其删除，以便能正确分析出句子成分， 11 从而正确解题。